PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of North America	Ordovician of Britain		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene				Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene				Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene					2.58
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene				Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene				Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene					15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			Late Oligocene					23.03
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan				Early Oligocene					27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Late Eocene				Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Late Eocene				Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				Middle Eocene				Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian			Early Eocene				Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan				Late Paleocene				Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Gashatan				Late Paleocene				Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene				Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene				Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian					Early Paleocene				Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian					Early Paleocene				Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian		Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian		Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian		Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian		Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian		Chesterian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian		Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian		Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian		Rawtheyan			445.2
				Cautleyan			448.9 *
				Pusgillian			449.3 *
			Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †		449.6 *
				Cheneyan					451.5 *
				Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
							Actonian †		453.2 *
							Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
							Longvillian †			455.2 *
				Aurelucian			Longvillian †			456.8 *
				Aurelucian			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig	Fennian						468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Fennian						470
				Whitlandian						471.1 *
				Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian						477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Cressagian						480.8 *
												485 *