PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian of Eastern North America		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of West Avalonia	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian										Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian										Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian										Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
				Zanclean											3.6
				Zanclean										Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Tortonian										Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian										Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian										Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian											15.98
														Hemingfordian	16.3
														Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian									23.03
				Rupelian	Kekeamuan										27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian										Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian										Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian		Bumbanian								Bridgerian	47.8
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan									Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian	Gashatan									Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian										Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian										Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian										Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian										Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian								66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic								100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian			Neocomian								125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
			Asselian	Kuzel				297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel				Mapingian †	298.9
				Stephanian					Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
									Cantabrian	305 *
										305.9
			Moscovian							307
				Westphalian					Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian					Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2			Chokierian
						Arnsbergian			324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian			Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
			Jiangshanian				489.5
			Paibian				494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				497
			Guzhangian				Arcadian			498.4
			Drumian							500.5
Wuliuan			504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Branchian				509
		Stage 3	Branchian				514
		Stage 3	Placentian				517.1
Terreneuvian		Stage 2					521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
															635