PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Units	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian			Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian			Ruscinian			Late Pliocene		3.1 *
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Turolian			Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian			Turolian					7.246
					Vallesian					8.7
					Vallesian				Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian			Astaracian			Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian			Orleanian			Early Miocene		15.98
									Hemingfordian	16.3
									Arikareean	18.5
					Agenian					20
		Aquitanian			Agenian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan					Early Oligocene		27.82
									Whitneyan	29.5
									Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian				Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
									Wasatchian	50.5
									Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan					Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Gashatan					Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian						Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian	Paibian		494
		Paibian	Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian	Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian		530.7
										538.8