PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian						Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
												Irvingtonian	0.21
					Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene		0.774
												Blancan	1.4
					Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean						Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan						Late Pliocene		2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan						Early Pliocene		3.6
					Montehermosan								3.7 *
					Montehermosan							Hemphillian	4.7
					Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
					Chasicoan								7.9 *
					Chasicoan							Clarendonian	9.4
					Mayoan								9.9 *
					Laventan								10.9 *
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene		11.63
												Barstovian	12.5
					Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran								13.82
		Langhian			Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian						Early Miocene		15.98
					Santacrucian								16.2 *
					Santacrucian							Hemingfordian	16.3
					Colhuehuapian							Hemingfordian	17.4 *
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan								Early Oligocene		27.82
					Tinguirirican								28.9 *
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
					Divisaderan							Chadronian	35.9 *
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
					Mustersan								41.9 *
												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian							Early Eocene		47.8
					Casamayoran								47.9 *
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan		Riochican						Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
					Riochican							Tiffanian	56.2
					Itaboraian								56.9 *
					Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian									Early Paleocene		61.6
					Tiupampan								62.4 *
					Tiupampan							Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian					72.1
		Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					100.5
		Aptian					113
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Zechstein	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian					Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian					Zisongian	293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
									300.1
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian							Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
				Westphalian A					317 *
				Namurian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
			Alportian					322 *
			Chokierian					323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chokierian					323.2
			Arnsbergian					324 *
			Pendleian					327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
			Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian			Paibian				494
		Paibian			Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian			Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian			Drumian			Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Nangaoian				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian			Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian				530.7
													538.8