PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of China	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian						Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean								Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean								Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian		Cudahyan/Sappan						Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian		Cudahyan/Sappan						Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan		Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene	15.98
			Hemingfordian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
			Arikareean		late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene	23.03
						Monroecreekian						23.1 *
						Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian				Geringian					Early Oligocene	27.82
			Whitneyan									29.5
			Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean								Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean								Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan		Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan		Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Early Eocene	47.8
			Wasatchian		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
			Clarkforkian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian				To3/To2/To1				Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian				To3/To2/To1				Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian	Puercan				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras				168.2
		Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				174.7
				Planulata				179.3 *
				Planulata				Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense					181.3 *
				Carlottense					182.3 *
				Kunae					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae					184.2
				Freboldi					185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian								192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras				Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian								Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian								Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian								Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian				264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian				273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian				283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian				285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian				290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian				298.9
												300.1