PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126668 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian						Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian								Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene			2.58
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Early Pliocene		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Middle Miocene		Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene			15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene			23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian					Early Oligocene			27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Late Eocene		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian							Late Eocene		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Early Eocene		Bridgerian	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Late Paleocene		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1				Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1				Early Paleocene		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Early Paleocene		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras						168.2
		Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
		Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
						Planulata	179.3 *
						Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
						Kanense		181.3 *
						Carlottense		182.3 *
						Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian				Kunae		184.2
						Freboldi		185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian								192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras			196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian								Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian								Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian								Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian						264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian						273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian						283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian						285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian						290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian						298.9
												300.1