PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of the Salt Range	Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian							Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan							Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan							Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian								Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene		23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian						Early Oligocene		27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1					Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1					Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Induan				251.2
		Induan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	Meishanian	251.902
								252.4 *
						Chhidru		252.9 *
							Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
						Kalabagh			255 *
						Wargal			256 *
								Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian						Kuhfengian	264.28
									265.3 *
						Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb			266.9
		Roadian							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian					Autunian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian				285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian				290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian				298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †			485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian	Paibian					494
		Paibian	Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian		Wangcunian †			497
		Drumian	Drumian		Wangcunian †			500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian					530.7
												538.8