PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of North America				Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian							Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan							Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan							Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian								Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene		23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian						Early Oligocene		27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1					Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1					Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian		Gamachian	445.2
				Richmondian	446 *
				Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
				Edenian			450.4 *
			Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian		Chatfieldian			453
				Turinian			453.7 *
			Whiterockian		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Dapingian						467.3
		Dapingian		Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean					477.7
				Stairsian					480.3 *
				Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian					485.4
												487.5