PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of China		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Tertiary †					2.58
				Zanclean											3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian											15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									Hemingfordian	16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
						Monroecreekian									23.1 *
						Geringian									24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian									27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian										Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian										Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Wasatchian	50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1							Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1							Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †		485.4
			Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian				489.5
			Paibian		Paibian				494
			Paibian		Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian		Wangcunian †		Series 3 †	497
			Drumian		Drumian		Wangcunian †			500.5
			Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian						509
		Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian						514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian						521
			Fortunian	Meishucunian						529
			Fortunian	Jinnigian						530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
															635