PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126130 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian of China	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene					Nihewanian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene	Tertiary †				Yushean		2.58
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene							3.6
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									Hemphillian	4.7
											Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Clarendonian	9.4
											Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene							11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian									Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene							15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									Hemingfordian	16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								Xiejiaan	Hemingfordian	16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene							23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian		Early Oligocene							27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene						Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene						Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene						Bridgerian	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene						Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene						Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene						Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian							Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean							Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian							Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare						419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma						421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare						423
		Ludfordian		Paadla						423.4 *
		Gorstian	425.6	Paadla
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10		Niuchehean		Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian		Iverian	489.5
		Paibian		Paibian		Idamean	494
		Paibian		Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	Idamean	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Mindyallan			497
		Guzhangian			Guzhangian		Boomerangian			499
		Drumian			Drumian		Undillan			500.5
		Drumian			Drumian		Floran			503
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †	Wuliuan/Taijangian		Templetonian		504.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †	Wuliuan/Taijangian		Ordian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian		Ordian		509
		Stage 4				Duyunian				510.8 *
		Stage 3				Nangaoian				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian				Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian				530.7
													538.8