PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Salt Range	Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian								Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan								Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan								Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene		23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian							Early Oligocene		27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian									Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1						Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1						Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan						145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan						149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan						150
							Heterian						154.5
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan						164.3
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian					Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian					Oretian	227
		Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian					Etalian	238
		Anisian					Etalian	242
		Anisian					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian	249
		Induan					Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Kathwai	Meishanian	251.902
										252.4 *
								Chhidru		252.9 *
							Waiitian			253.2
									Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein					Laoshanian	254.14
							Puruhauan			254.2
								Kalabagh		255 *
								Wargal		256 *
									Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian	Rotliegendes		Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian							Kuhfengian	264.28
										265.3 *
						Barettian				266
								Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	266.9					Amb
		Roadian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian	Autunian		283.5
						Telfordian			285
						Telfordian		Longlinian	285.4 *
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian						Paibian		494
		Paibian						Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian						Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3						Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian						Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian						Jinnigian		530.7
													538.8