PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		European Faunal Units	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Lujanian					Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian	0.21
						Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene		0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan	1.4
						Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean		Villanyian			Late Pliocene		2.58
						Chapadmalalan		Villanyian					2.9 *
								Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene		3.6
						Montehermosan							3.7 *
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan						Hemphillian	4.7
						Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian						Turolian			Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
						Chasicoan							7.9 *
								Vallesian					8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Clarendonian	9.4
						Mayoan							9.9 *
						Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian						Astaracian			Middle Miocene		11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian	12.5
						Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian				Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian				Friasian		Orleanian			Early Miocene		15.98
						Santacrucian							16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Santacrucian						Hemingfordian	16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian						Hemingfordian	17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean	18.5
								Agenian					20
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian				Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene		23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene		27.82
						Tinguirirican							28.9 *
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan						Chadronian	35.9 *
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
						Mustersan							41.9 *
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene		47.8
						Casamayoran							47.9 *
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Wasatchian	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican					Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican						Tiffanian	56.2
						Itaboraian							56.9 *
						Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1				Torrejonian	60.9	Middle Paleocene
		Danian								Early Paleocene	61.6
						Tiupampan					62.4 *
					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan			Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian				251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian				253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Laibinian				257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Lengwuan				259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian				264.28
		Roadian					Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian					Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian			298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian	Paibian			494
		Paibian	Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian	Drumian		Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian			530.7
													538.8