PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of North America		Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian										Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
														Irvingtonian	0.21
			Ensenadan												0.3 *
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene		0.774
														Blancan	1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †											1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean										Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan										Late Pliocene		2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan										Early Pliocene		3.6
			Montehermosan												3.7 *
			Montehermosan											Hemphillian	4.7
			Huayquerian												4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
			Chasicoan												7.9 *
			Chasicoan											Clarendonian	9.4
			Mayoan												9.9 *
			Laventan												10.9 *
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene		11.63
														Barstovian	12.5
			Colloncuran												13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran												13.82
		Langhian	Friasian												15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian										Early Miocene		15.98
			Santacrucian												16.2 *
			Santacrucian											Hemingfordian	16.3
			Colhuehuapian											Hemingfordian	17.4 *
														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan												20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene		27.82
			Tinguirirican												28.9 *
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
			Divisaderan											Chadronian	35.9 *
														Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
			Mustersan												41.9 *
														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene		47.8
			Casamayoran												47.9 *
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican										Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
			Riochican											Tiffanian	56.2
			Itaboraian												56.9 *
			Peligran												58.9 *
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											Early Paleocene		61.6
			Tiupampan												62.4 *
			Tiupampan											Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian			72.1
		Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			100.5
		Aptian			113
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian		Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian		Roadian		Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian		Cathedralian	Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian				Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian			Autunian			283.5
							Longlinian	285.4 *
				Wolfcampian		Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian				Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian				Nealian	Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †					483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian							Jiangshanian		489.5
			Aksaian									490.7 *
			Sakian									492.2 *
		Paibian								Paibian		494
									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian							Guzhangian		499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian							Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan							Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan							Duyunian		509
			Toyonian					Lenian †				510 *
			Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian							Nangaoian		514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian							Nangaoian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian							Meishucunian		521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian						Manykaian †				529
		Fortunian						Manykaian †		Jinnigian		530.7
															538.8