PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125932 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian			Tarantian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Tarantian	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian				Ionian	Rancholabrean	0.129
							Irvingtonian	0.21
			Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian						0.774
							Blancan	1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean					2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan					3.6
			Montehermosan					3.7 *
			Montehermosan				Hemphillian	4.7
			Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian						5.333
		Tortonian						7.246
			Chasicoan					7.9 *
			Chasicoan				Clarendonian	9.4
			Mayoan					9.9 *
			Laventan					10.9 *
		Serravallian						11.63
							Barstovian	12.5
			Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian	Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian					15.98
			Santacrucian					16.2 *
			Santacrucian				Hemingfordian	16.3
			Colhuehuapian				Hemingfordian	17.4 *
							Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian						20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						23.03
		Rupelian						27.82
			Tinguirirican					28.9 *
							Whitneyan	29.5
							Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian	33.9
			Divisaderan				Chadronian	35.9 *
							Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						41.2
			Mustersan					41.9 *
							Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						47.8
			Casamayoran					47.9 *
							Wasatchian	50.5
							Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican				Clarkforkian	56
			Riochican				Tiffanian	56.2
			Itaboraian					56.9 *
			Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian						59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						61.6
			Tiupampan					62.4 *
			Tiupampan				Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian			72.1
		Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			100.5
		Aptian			113
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	497
		Guzhangian	Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian	509
		Stage 3	Branchian	514
		Stage 3	Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
								538.8