PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian										Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
														Irvingtonian	0.21
			Ensenadan												0.3 *
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene		0.774
														Blancan	1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †											1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean										Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan										Late Pliocene		2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan										Early Pliocene		3.6
			Montehermosan												3.7 *
			Montehermosan											Hemphillian	4.7
			Huayquerian												4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
			Chasicoan												7.9 *
			Chasicoan											Clarendonian	9.4
			Mayoan												9.9 *
			Laventan												10.9 *
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene		11.63
														Barstovian	12.5
			Colloncuran												13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran												13.82
		Langhian	Friasian												15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian										Early Miocene		15.98
			Santacrucian												16.2 *
			Santacrucian											Hemingfordian	16.3
			Colhuehuapian											Hemingfordian	17.4 *
														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan												20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan							Early Oligocene		27.82
			Tinguirirican												28.9 *
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
			Divisaderan											Chadronian	35.9 *
														Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
			Mustersan												41.9 *
														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian						Early Eocene		47.8
			Casamayoran												47.9 *
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican			Gashatan							Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
			Riochican											Tiffanian	56.2
			Itaboraian												56.9 *
			Peligran												58.9 *
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											Early Paleocene		61.6
			Tiupampan												62.4 *
			Tiupampan											Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian										66
		Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic			100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras				168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				174.7
				Planulata				179.3 *
				Planulata				Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense					181.3 *
				Carlottense					182.3 *
				Kunae					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae					184.2
				Freboldi					185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian								192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras				Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian								Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian								Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian								Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian								Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian								Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian								Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian								Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian								Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian								Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
		Katian			Gamachian	445.2
					Richmondian	446 *
					Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian				449.8 *
					Edenian					450.4 *
			Mohawkian		Chatfieldian					451.1 *
		Sandbian			Chatfieldian					453
					Turinian					453.7 *
			Whiterockian			Canadian †				Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian			Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean							477.7
					Stairsian							480.3 *
					Skullrockian						Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian							485.4
															487.5