PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		European Faunal Units	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian					Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
									Irvingtonian	0.21
			Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene		0.774
									Blancan	1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean		Villanyian			Late Pliocene		2.58
			Chapadmalalan		Villanyian					2.9 *
					Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene		3.6
			Montehermosan							3.7 *
			Montehermosan						Hemphillian	4.7
			Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			Turolian			Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
			Chasicoan							7.9 *
					Vallesian					8.7
									Clarendonian	9.4
			Mayoan							9.9 *
			Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian			Astaracian			Middle Miocene		11.63
									Barstovian	12.5
			Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian	Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian		Orleanian			Early Miocene		15.98
			Santacrucian							16.2 *
			Santacrucian						Hemingfordian	16.3
			Colhuehuapian						Hemingfordian	17.4 *
									Arikareean	18.5
					Agenian					20
		Aquitanian								20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene		27.82
			Tinguirirican							28.9 *
									Whitneyan	29.5
									Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
			Divisaderan						Chadronian	35.9 *
									Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian								41.2
			Mustersan							41.9 *
									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene		47.8
			Casamayoran							47.9 *
									Wasatchian	50.5
									Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican					Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
			Riochican						Tiffanian	56.2
			Itaboraian							56.9 *
			Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene		61.6
			Tiupampan			62.4 *
			Tiupampan			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian				251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian				253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian				257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan				259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian				264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian				273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian			300.1
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian	Paibian			494
		Paibian	Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian	Drumian		Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian			530.7
										538.8