PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126165 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					South American Land Mammal Ages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of Australia	Obsolete Precambrian Ages	Ordovician of the Baltic	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian									0.0117
				Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian									Rancholabrean	0.129
													Irvingtonian	0.21
					Ensenadan									0.3 *
				Calabrian										0.774
													Blancan	1.4
					Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
				Gelasian	Sanandresian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean									2.58
				Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
				Zanclean	Chapadmalalan									3.6
					Montehermosan									3.7 *
					Montehermosan								Hemphillian	4.7
					Huayquerian									4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
					Chasicoan									7.9 *
					Chasicoan								Clarendonian	9.4
					Mayoan									9.9 *
					Laventan									10.9 *
				Serravallian										11.63
													Barstovian	12.5
					Colloncuran									13.7 *
				Langhian	Colloncuran									13.82
				Langhian	Friasian									15.4 *
				Burdigalian	Friasian									15.98
					Santacrucian									16.2 *
					Santacrucian								Hemingfordian	16.3
					Colhuehuapian								Hemingfordian	17.4 *
													Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
				Aquitanian	Deseadan									20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
				Rupelian			Kekeamuan							27.82
					Tinguirirican									28.9 *
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Chadronian	33.9
					Divisaderan								Chadronian	35.9 *
													Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian										41.2
					Mustersan									41.9 *
													Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian				Bumbanian						47.8
					Casamayoran									47.9 *
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican		Gashatan						Clarkforkian	56
					Riochican								Tiffanian	56.2
					Itaboraian									56.9 *
					Peligran									58.9 *
				Selandian										59.2
				Selandian									Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian										61.6
					Tiupampan									62.4 *
					Tiupampan								Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian					66
Campanian				72.1
Santonian				83.6
Coniacian				86.3
Turonian				89.8
Cenomanian				93.9
Early Cretaceous			Albian	Gallic					100.5
			Aptian						113
			Barremian						121.4
			Hauterivian	Neocomian					125.77
			Valanginian						132.6
			Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
			Kimmeridgian						149.2
			Oxfordian						154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian			168.2
			Aalenian			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
			Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian				Pirgu	445.2
							Vormsi	449.6 *
					Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
					Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
						Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian			Keila	Idavere †	453
						Haljala		453.9
						Kukruse		456.4 *
						Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku		458.4
						Lasnamagi		458.9 *
						Aseri		460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
				Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
			Dapingian	Volkhov				467.3
			Dapingian	Billingen				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
						Latorp †		470.1 *
				Hunneberg				473.7 *
			Tremadocian	Hunneberg				477.7
				Varangu				481.3 *
				Pakerort				482.2 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Pakerort		Datsonian			485.4
									486.3 *
									486.5
						Payntonian			486.8 *
			Jiangshanian			Iverian			489.5
			Paibian			Idamean			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Mindyallan			497
						Mindyallan			Arcadian	498.4
						Boomerangian				499
Drumian			Undillan			500.5
Drumian			Floran			503
Wuliuan			Templetonian			504.5
Wuliuan			Ordian			507.8 *
Series 2		Stage 4	Ordian			Branchian			509
		Stage 4							510.8 *
		Stage 3							514
		Stage 3				Placentian			517.1
Terreneuvian		Stage 2							521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
														635