PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †						Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian								Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene		15.98
										Hemingfordian	16.3
										Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene		27.82
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian							Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
										Wasatchian	50.5
										Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian							Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian							Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian							Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	Zechstein	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean				Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian	Paibian					494
		Paibian	Paibian				Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian					Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †			Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3					Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian					Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian		530.7
											538.8