PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of the Pamirs	Mesozoic Subages		South American Land Mammal Ages		Ammonite Chrons of North America			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
												Irvingtonian	0.21
							Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
												Blancan	1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean						2.58
		Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
		Zanclean					Chapadmalalan						3.6
							Montehermosan						3.7 *
							Montehermosan					Hemphillian	4.7
							Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
							Chasicoan						7.9 *
							Chasicoan					Clarendonian	9.4
							Mayoan						9.9 *
							Laventan						10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										11.63
												Barstovian	12.5
							Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran						13.82
		Langhian					Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian						15.98
							Santacrucian						16.2 *
							Santacrucian					Hemingfordian	16.3
							Colhuehuapian					Hemingfordian	17.4 *
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
							Tinguirirican						28.9 *
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3									Chadronian	33.9
							Divisaderan					Chadronian	35.9 *
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										41.2
							Mustersan						41.9 *
												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
							Casamayoran						47.9 *
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1				Riochican					Clarkforkian	56
							Riochican					Tiffanian	56.2
							Itaboraian						56.9 *
							Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											61.6
							Tiupampan						62.4 *
							Tiupampan					Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian	100.5
				Middle Albian	106.2 *
				Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian	139.8
				Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras		168.2
				Late Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.4
				Early Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
						Planulata		179.3 *
								Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
						Kanense			181.3 *
						Carlottense			182.3 *
				Early Toarcian		Carlottense			182.9 *
				Early Toarcian		Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Kunae			184.2
						Freboldi			185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian		Sevatian						208.5
				Alaunian						213.2 *
				Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian						227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian						237
		Ladinian		Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian						242
				Pelsonian						243.8 *
				Bithynian						244.7 *
				Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian						247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian						251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian						251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Dorashamian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian			259.51
		Wordian		Midian			264.28
		Wordian		Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3	Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				Adorf				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Emsian				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5				445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
													538.8