PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian							0.0117
				Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan						Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian			Early Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan						Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian				Senecan/Rexroadian						Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene								2.58
				Zanclean			Early Pliocene								3.6
				Zanclean			Early Pliocene	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene								5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Tortonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5		Middle Miocene	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian			Early Miocene								15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						Hemingfordian	16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Late Oligocene								23.03
									Monroecreekian						23.1 *
									Geringian						24.7 *
				Rupelian			Early Oligocene		Geringian						27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian			Late Eocene							Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian			Middle Eocene							Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan						Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2			Late Uintan/Early Uintan						Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian			Early Eocene	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Bridgerian	47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Wasatchian	50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian			Late Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian			Middle Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian			Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1				Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian			Early Paleocene			To3/To2/To1				Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian			Early Paleocene			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8										66
				Campanian	Cretaceous 7										72.1
				Santonian	Cretaceous 6										83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4										100.5
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3										113
				Barremian	Cretaceous 2										121.4
				Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2										125.77
				Valanginian	Cretaceous 1										132.6
				Berriasian	Cretaceous 1										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6										145
				Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5										149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian	Jurassic 4										165.3
				Bajocian	Jurassic 4										168.2
				Aalenian	Jurassic 3										170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7	Jurassic 3
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian		Leine	264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian					303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Middle Pennsylvanian					307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian					323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian					330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							Late Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian		365.3 *
									Early Famennian		368.5 *
			Frasnian	Devonian 4					Late Frasnian		372.2
									Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
									Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Late Givetian		382.7
									Middle Givetian		383.7 *
									Early Givetian		385.9 *
			Eifelian						Late Eifelian		387.7
			Eifelian						Early Eifelian		390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian	Devonian 2				Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian	Devonian 1				Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
			Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
			Stage 10						Festiniogian	489.2 *
			Jiangshanian						Festiniogian	489.5
			Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian	493.1 *
			Paibian						Maentwrogian	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			St Davids			497
			Drumian	Cambrian 4						500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			Caerfai			509
		Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2						514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2						521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
															635