International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections
International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | Ten Million Year Bins | Devonian of Germany | Permian Subages of Germany | Carboniferous of North America | Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia | European Faunal Units | Cambrian of West Avalonia | North American Land Mammal Ages | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | Cenozoic 6 | Saintaugustinean | 0 | |||||||
Santarosean | 0.0004 | |||||||||||
Northgrippian | 0.0042 | |||||||||||
Greenlandian | 0.0082 | |||||||||||
Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | 0.0117 | ||||||||||
Rancholabrean | 0.014 | |||||||||||
Chibanian | 0.129 | |||||||||||
Irvingtonian | 0.21 | |||||||||||
Calabrian | 0.774 | |||||||||||
Blancan | 1.4 | |||||||||||
Gelasian | 1.8 | |||||||||||
Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Villanyian | 2.58 | ||||||||
Ruscinian | 3.1 * | |||||||||||
Zanclean | 3.6 | |||||||||||
Hemphillian | 4.7 | |||||||||||
Miocene | Messinian | Turolian | 5.333 | |||||||||
Tortonian | 7.246 | |||||||||||
Vallesian | 8.7 | |||||||||||
Clarendonian | 9.4 | |||||||||||
Serravallian | Cenozoic 5 | Astaracian | 11.63 | |||||||||
Barstovian | 12.5 | |||||||||||
Langhian | 13.82 | |||||||||||
Burdigalian | Orleanian | 15.98 | ||||||||||
Hemingfordian | 16.3 | |||||||||||
Arikareean | 18.5 | |||||||||||
Agenian | 20 | |||||||||||
Aquitanian | 20.44 | |||||||||||
Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | Cenozoic 4 | Tabenbulakian | Hsandagolian | 23.03 | ||||||
Rupelian | Kekeamuan | 27.82 | ||||||||||
Whitneyan | 29.5 | |||||||||||
Orellan | 31.8 | |||||||||||
Eocene | Priabonian | Cenozoic 3 | Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian | Chadronian | 33.9 | |||||||
Duchesnean | 37 | |||||||||||
Bartonian | Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan | 37.71 | ||||||||||
Uintan | 39.7 | |||||||||||
Lutetian | Cenozoic 2 | 41.2 | ||||||||||
Bridgerian | 46.2 | |||||||||||
Ypresian | Bumbanian | 47.8 | ||||||||||
Wasatchian | 50.5 | |||||||||||
Clarkforkian | 54.9 | |||||||||||
Paleocene | Thanetian | Cenozoic 1 | Gashatan | 56 | ||||||||
Tiffanian | 56.2 | |||||||||||
Selandian | 59.2 | |||||||||||
Torrejonian | 60.9 | |||||||||||
Danian | 61.6 | |||||||||||
Puercan | 63.8 | |||||||||||
Cretaceous | Late Cretaceous | Maastrichtian | Cretaceous 8 | 66 | ||||||||
Campanian | Cretaceous 7 | 72.1 | ||||||||||
Santonian | Cretaceous 6 | 83.6 | ||||||||||
Coniacian | 86.3 | |||||||||||
Turonian | 89.8 | |||||||||||
Cenomanian | Cretaceous 5 | 93.9 | ||||||||||
Early Cretaceous | Albian | Cretaceous 4 | 100.5 | |||||||||
Aptian | Cretaceous 3 | 113 | ||||||||||
Barremian | Cretaceous 2 | 121.4 | ||||||||||
Hauterivian | 125.77 | |||||||||||
Valanginian | Cretaceous 1 | 132.6 | ||||||||||
Berriasian | 139.8 | |||||||||||
Jurassic | Late Jurassic | Tithonian | Jurassic 6 | 145 | ||||||||
Kimmeridgian | Jurassic 5 | 149.2 | ||||||||||
Oxfordian | 154.8 | |||||||||||
Middle Jurassic | Callovian | 161.5 | ||||||||||
Bathonian | Jurassic 4 | 165.3 | ||||||||||
Bajocian | 168.2 | |||||||||||
Aalenian | Jurassic 3 | 170.9 | ||||||||||
Early Jurassic | Toarcian | 174.7 | ||||||||||
Pliensbachian | Jurassic 2 | 184.2 | ||||||||||
Sinemurian | Jurassic 1 | 192.9 | ||||||||||
Hettangian | 199.5 | |||||||||||
Triassic | Late Triassic | Rhaetian | Triassic 4 | 201.4 | ||||||||
Norian | 208.5 | |||||||||||
Carnian | Triassic 3 | 227 | ||||||||||
Middle Triassic | Ladinian | Triassic 2 | 237 | |||||||||
Anisian | 242 | |||||||||||
Early Triassic | Olenekian | Triassic 1 | 247.2 | |||||||||
Induan | 251.2 | |||||||||||
Permian | Lopingian | Changhsingian | Permian 4 | Buntsandstein | 251.902 | |||||||
Wuchiapingian | 254.14 | |||||||||||
Guadalupian | Capitanian | Ohre/Aller | 259.51 | |||||||||
Wordian | Leine | 264.28 | ||||||||||
Roadian | Permian 3 | 266.9 | ||||||||||
Cisuralian | Kungurian | Permian 2 | 273.01 | |||||||||
Artinskian | 283.5 | |||||||||||
Sakmarian | 290.1 | |||||||||||
Asselian | Permian 1 | Bursumian † | 293.52 | |||||||||
Carboniferous | Pennsylvanian | Gzhelian | Carboniferous 5 | Virgilian | 298.9 | |||||||
Kasimovian | Missourian | 303.7 | ||||||||||
Desmoinesian | 305.9 * | |||||||||||
Moscovian | Carboniferous 4 | 307 | ||||||||||
Atokan | 312.7 * | |||||||||||
Bashkirian | 315.2 | |||||||||||
Morrowan | 318.4 * | |||||||||||
Mississippian | Serpukhovian | Carboniferous 3 | Chesterian | 323.2 | ||||||||
Visean | Carboniferous 2 | 330.9 | ||||||||||
Meramecian | 335.8 * | |||||||||||
Osagean | 343.1 * | |||||||||||
Tournaisian | Carboniferous 1 | 346.7 | ||||||||||
Kinderhookian | 351.9 * | |||||||||||
Devonian | Late Devonian | Famennian | Devonian 5 | Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden | 358.9 | |||||||
Frasnian | Devonian 4 | Adorf | 372.2 | |||||||||
Middle Devonian | Givetian | Devonian 3 | Givetian | 382.7 | ||||||||
Eifelian | Eifelian | 387.7 | ||||||||||
Early Devonian | Emsian | Devonian 2 | Emsian | 393.3 | ||||||||
Pragian | Devonian 1 | Siegen | 407.6 | |||||||||
Lochkovian | Gedinnine | 410.8 | ||||||||||
Silurian | Pridoli | Silurian 2 | 419.2 | |||||||||
Ludlow | Ludfordian | 423 | ||||||||||
Gorstian | 425.6 | |||||||||||
Wenlock | Homerian | 427.4 | ||||||||||
Sheinwoodian | 430.5 | |||||||||||
Llandovery | Telychian | Silurian 1 | 433.4 | |||||||||
Aeronian | 438.5 | |||||||||||
Rhuddanian | 440.8 | |||||||||||
Ordovician | Late Ordovician | Hirnantian | Ordovician 5 | 443.8 | ||||||||
Katian | 445.2 | |||||||||||
Sandbian | Ordovician 4 | 453 | ||||||||||
Middle Ordovician | Darriwilian | Ordovician 3 | 458.4 | |||||||||
Dapingian | Ordovician 2 | 467.3 | ||||||||||
Early Ordovician | Floian | 470 | ||||||||||
Tremadocian | Ordovician 1 | 477.7 | ||||||||||
Cambrian | Furongian | Stage 10 | Cambrian 5 | 485.4 | ||||||||
Jiangshanian | 489.5 | |||||||||||
Paibian | 494 | |||||||||||
Miaolingian | Guzhangian | Cambrian 4 | 497 | |||||||||
Arcadian | 498.4 | |||||||||||
Drumian | 500.5 | |||||||||||
Wuliuan | Cambrian 3 | 504.5 | ||||||||||
Series 2 | Stage 4 | Branchian | 509 | |||||||||
Stage 3 | Cambrian 2 | 514 | ||||||||||
Placentian | 517.1 | |||||||||||
Terreneuvian | Stage 2 | 521 | ||||||||||
Fortunian | Cambrian 1 | 529 | ||||||||||
538.8 |