PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of North America	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Units	Cambrian of West Avalonia	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene				Villanyian			2.58
		Piacenzian			Late Pliocene				Ruscinian			3.1 *
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene							3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene						Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene				Turolian			5.333
		Tortonian							Turolian			7.246
									Vallesian			8.7
									Vallesian		Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene				Astaracian		Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene				Orleanian			15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
									Agenian			20
		Aquitanian							Agenian			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene		Kekeamuan					27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene			Bumbanian			Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene		Gashatan				Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene		Gashatan				Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene						Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene						Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites									168.2
		Bajocian		Humphresianum		168.4
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian				298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian			307
		Moscovian				Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian			323.2
		Visean				Chesterian			330.9
						Meramecian			335.8 *
						Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
		Guzhangian			Arcadian		498.4
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Branchian		509
		Stage 3		514	Branchian
		Stage 3		Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
												538.8