PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian of the Salt Range	Silurian of England	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian								Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian								Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean								Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian								Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian								Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
										Hemingfordian	16.3
										Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
		Rupelian		Kekeamuan							27.82
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian					Bridgerian	47.8
										Wasatchian	50.5
										Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian		Gashatan						Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai			251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai			251.902
						252.4 *
			Chhidru			252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru			Zechstein	254.14
			Kalabagh				255 *
			Wargal				256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
			Amb				266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb				266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
											443.8