PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126175 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cambrian of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Precambrian Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian					0.0117
				Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene					Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan				Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian					Early Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan				Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian				Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene						2.58
				Zanclean					Early Pliocene						3.6
				Zanclean					Early Pliocene	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene						5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian					Middle Miocene	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian					Early Miocene						15.98
										Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Hemingfordian	16.3
										late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene						23.03
											Monroecreekian				23.1 *
											Geringian				24.7 *
				Rupelian					Early Oligocene		Geringian				27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian					Late Eocene					Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian					Middle Eocene					Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian					Early Eocene	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bridgerian	47.8
										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Wasatchian	50.5
												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian					Late Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian					Middle Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian					Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian					Early Paleocene			To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian					Early Paleocene			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites									168.2
				Bajocian			Humphresianum								168.4
Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Melekhovian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
			Wordian			Noginskian	264.9 *
			Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Kungurian			Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
			Artinskian			Pavlovoposadian	283.5
			Artinskian			Rusavkinian	287.6 *
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian		303.7
						Khamovnikian		304.8
						Krevyakinian		305.8 *
			Moscovian			Myachkovian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
						Podolskian		308.9 *
						Kashirian		311.4 *
						Vereian		313.8
						Melekessian		314.8
			Bashkirian			Melekessian	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
						Cheremshanian		316.9 *
						Prikamian		318.6 *
						Severokeltmian		319.9 *
						Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
						Voznesenian		321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian	Late Mississippian	323.2
						Protvian		324.4 *
						Steshevian		326.8 *
						Tarusian		329 *
			Visean			Venevian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
						Mikhailovian		331.9 *
						Aleksinian		333.7 *
						Tulian		335.8 *
						Bobrikian		339.9 *
						Radaevkian		343.4 *
			Tournaisian			Kosvian	Early Mississippian	346.7
						Kizelian		350.7 *
						Cherepetian		351.9 *
						Karakubian		354.4 *
						Upinian		356.3 *
						Malevkian		357.6 *
						Gumerovian		358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian					Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
					Early Givetian			385.9 *
			Eifelian		Late Eifelian			387.7
			Eifelian		Early Eifelian			390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian			393.3
			Emsian		Early Emsian			398.3 *
			Pragian	Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
Wenlock		Homerian	427.4
Wenlock		Sheinwoodian	430.5
Llandovery		Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian		Merioneth			Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
			Payntonian					Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	486.8 *
			Payntonian					Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian	Iverian					Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian	Iverian					Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian	Idamean					Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan		St Davids				497
		Guzhangian	Boomerangian						499
		Drumian	Undillan						500.5
		Drumian	Floran						503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian						504.5
		Wuliuan	Ordian						507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian		Caerfai				509
		Stage 4							510.8 *
		Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
															635