PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Mesozoic Subages		South American Land Mammal Ages		Ammonite Chrons of North America			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
												Irvingtonian	0.21
							Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
												Blancan	1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean						2.58
		Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
		Zanclean					Chapadmalalan						3.6
							Montehermosan						3.7 *
							Montehermosan					Hemphillian	4.7
							Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
							Chasicoan						7.9 *
							Chasicoan					Clarendonian	9.4
							Mayoan						9.9 *
							Laventan						10.9 *
		Serravallian											11.63
												Barstovian	12.5
							Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran						13.82
		Langhian					Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian						15.98
							Santacrucian						16.2 *
							Santacrucian					Hemingfordian	16.3
							Colhuehuapian					Hemingfordian	17.4 *
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
							Tinguirirican						28.9 *
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian	33.9
							Divisaderan					Chadronian	35.9 *
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
							Mustersan						41.9 *
												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
							Casamayoran						47.9 *
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Riochican					Clarkforkian	56
							Riochican					Tiffanian	56.2
							Itaboraian						56.9 *
							Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											61.6
							Tiupampan						62.4 *
							Tiupampan					Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian	100.5
			Middle Albian	106.2 *
			Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian	113
		Aptian	Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian	139.8
			Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
			Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras	168.2
			Late Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
			Early Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
					Planulata	179.3 *
						Arnioceras arnouldi		179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
					Kanense			181.3 *
					Carlottense			182.3 *
			Early Toarcian		Carlottense			182.9 *
			Early Toarcian		Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Kunae			184.2
					Freboldi			185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras			196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian	Sevatian						208.5
			Alaunian						213.2 *
			Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian						227
		Carnian	Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian						237
		Ladinian	Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian						242
			Pelsonian						243.8 *
			Bithynian						244.7 *
			Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian						247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian						251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian						251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Midian		259.51
		Wordian					Midian		264.28
		Wordian					Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian					Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian					Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian					Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian					Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian					Asselian		293.52
		Asselian					Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Kuzel	298.9
									Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian								Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian								Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian								Cantabrian	307
									Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian								Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian					Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian					Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian					Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian					Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian						346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian						353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian	393.3
		Pragian								Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian								Gedinnine	410.8
													419.2