PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones	Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran			Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean	0.129
											Irvingtonian	0.21
								Castlecliffian				0.34
		Calabrian										0.774
											Blancan	1.4
								Nukumaruan				1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan	MN 17			1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian	MN 17			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian	MN 16			2.58
								Waipipian	MN 16			3
									MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean										3.6
								Opoitian				3.7
									MN 14			4.2
									MN 14		Hemphillian	4.7
									MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan				7.2
		Tortonian							MN 12			7.246
									MN 11			7.75
									MN 10			8.7
									MN 10		Clarendonian	9.4
									MN 9			9.7
							Southland	Waiauan	MN 9			11.04
									MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian										11.63
											Barstovian	12.5
									MN 6			12.8 *
								Lillburnian	MN 6			13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian	MN 5			13.82
								Clifdenian				15.1
							Pareora	Altonian				15.9
		Burdigalian							MN 4			15.98
									MN 4		Hemingfordian	16.3
									MN 3		Hemingfordian	16.9
											Arikareean	18.5
								Otaian				18.7
									MN 2			20
		Aquitanian										20.44
							Landon	Waitakian				21.7
									MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
								Duntroonian				25.2
								Whaingaroan				27.3
		Rupelian										27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Chadronian	33.9
							Arnold	Runangan				34.6
								Kaiatan				36.7
											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										37.71
								Bortonian				39.1
											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
								Heretaungan				45.7
											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	47.8
			Mangaorapan	48.9
			Mangaorapan	Wasatchian	50.5
			Waipawan	Wasatchian	52
			Waipawan	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Teurian	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Induan				251.2
		Induan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	254.14
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
						Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb	266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian			443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian	449.7 *
		Sandbian			453
					Zahorany †/Vinice				Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
			Dobrotivian	458.5 *
			Oretanian	459.7 *
				Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8