PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126700 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of the Salt Range	Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian						Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							2.58
		Zanclean							3.6
		Zanclean						Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
		Tortonian						Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian						Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian							15.98
								Hemingfordian	16.3
								Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							23.03
		Rupelian							27.82
								Whitneyan	29.5
								Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian	47.8
								Wasatchian	50.5
								Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian						Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai	251.902
				252.4 *
			Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru	254.14
			Kalabagh	255 *
			Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
				265.3 *
			Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb	266.9
		Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10				Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian				Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian				Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian				Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			St Davids		Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Caerfai		Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
									538.8