PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Silurian of England		Mammal Paleogene Zones		European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian								Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian								Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Yushean					Villanyian		2.58
		Piacenzian							Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean									3.6
										Hemphillian	4.7
				Baodean							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							Turolian		5.333
		Tortonian							Turolian		7.246
									Vallesian		8.7
										Clarendonian	9.4
				Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian							Astaracian		11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian		Shanwangian							13.82
		Burdigalian							Orleanian		15.98
										Hemingfordian	16.3
				Xiejiaan						Hemingfordian	16.9
										Arikareean	18.5
									Agenian		20
		Aquitanian							Agenian		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			23.03
		Rupelian					MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21				27.82
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian					MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					MP 16			Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian					MP 16			Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian					MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian					MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			Bridgerian	47.8
										Wasatchian	50.5
										Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					MP 6	MP 1 - 5		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian					MP 6			Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian				425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Telychian				436.3 *
		Aeronian				438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park		440.8
											443.8