PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Precambrian of Russia	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Precambrian Ages	Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian						0.0117
				Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan					Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian				Early Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan					Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian					Senecan/Rexroadian					Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene							2.58
				Zanclean				Early Pliocene							3.6
				Zanclean				Early Pliocene	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene							5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Tortonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian				Middle Miocene	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian				Early Miocene							15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Hemingfordian	16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene							23.03
										Monroecreekian					23.1 *
										Geringian					24.7 *
				Rupelian				Early Oligocene		Geringian					27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian				Late Eocene						Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian				Middle Eocene						Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan					Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan					Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian				Early Eocene	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bridgerian	47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Wasatchian	50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian				Late Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian				Middle Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian				Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1			Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian				Early Paleocene			To3/To2/To1			Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian				Early Paleocene			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan									145
				Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan									150
						Heterian									154.5
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Callovian		Temaikan									164.3
Bathonian				165.3
Bajocian				168.2
Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
			Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian		Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
			Carnian		Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
			Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian		Flettian	264.28
			Wordian		Barettian	266
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Kungurian		Mangapirian	276
			Artinskian		Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian	365.3 *
							Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian				Late Frasnian	372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian	383.7 *
							Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian				Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian				Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
			Stage 10						Festiniogian	489.2 *
			Jiangshanian						Festiniogian	489.5
			Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian	493.1 *
			Paibian						Maentwrogian	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					St Davids		497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai		509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian	Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
		Ediacaran								Vendian	Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian								Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau			1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian								Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian								Burzyan			1375
															1400