PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Silurian of England	Mammal Paleogene Zones		European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian							Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian	MN 17							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16	Yushean				Villanyian		2.58
			MN 16					Ruscinian		3.1 *
			MN 15							3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15							3.6
			MN 14							4.2
			MN 14						Hemphillian	4.7
			MN 13	Baodean						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13					Turolian		5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12							7.246
			MN 11							7.75
			MN 10					Vallesian		8.7
			MN 10						Clarendonian	9.4
			MN 9							9.7
			MN 7 + 8	Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian						Astaracian		11.63
									Barstovian	12.5
			MN 6							12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5	Shanwangian						13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4					Orleanian		15.98
			MN 4						Hemingfordian	16.3
			MN 3	Xiejiaan					Hemingfordian	16.9
			MN 3						Arikareean	18.5
			MN 2					Agenian		20
		Aquitanian	MN 2							20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			23.03
		Rupelian				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21				27.82
									Whitneyan	29.5
									Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian				MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				MP 16			Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian				MP 16			Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian				MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian				MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian				MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			Bridgerian	47.8
									Wasatchian	50.5
									Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				MP 6	MP 1 - 5		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian				MP 6			Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian							Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian			425.6
		Gorstian		Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian	Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Telychian			436.3 *
		Aeronian			438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park		440.8
										443.8