International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
- J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
- J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
- M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia | Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages | Cenozoic Subepochs | North American Mammal Subages/Zones | Mammal Paleogene Zones | European Faunal Units | North American Land Mammal Ages | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | Saintaugustinean | 0 | ||||||||||
| Santarosean | 0.0004 | |||||||||||||
| Northgrippian | 0.0042 | |||||||||||||
| Greenlandian | 0.0082 | |||||||||||||
| Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Sheridanian | 0.0117 | ||||||||||
| Rancholabrean | 0.014 | |||||||||||||
| Chibanian | Middle Pleistocene | 0.129 | ||||||||||||
| Cudahyan/Sappan | Irvingtonian | 0.21 | ||||||||||||
| Calabrian | Early Pleistocene | 0.774 | ||||||||||||
| Senecan/Rexroadian | Blancan | 1.4 | ||||||||||||
| Gelasian | 1.8 | |||||||||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Late Pliocene | Villanyian | 2.58 | |||||||||
| Ruscinian | 3.1 * | |||||||||||||
| Zanclean | Early Pliocene | 3.6 | ||||||||||||
| Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian | Hemphillian | 4.7 | ||||||||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | Late Miocene | Turolian | 5.333 | ||||||||||
| Tortonian | 7.246 | |||||||||||||
| Vallesian | 8.7 | |||||||||||||
| Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian | Clarendonian | 9.4 | ||||||||||||
| Serravallian | Middle Miocene | Astaracian | 11.63 | |||||||||||
| late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian | Barstovian | 12.5 | ||||||||||||
| Langhian | 13.82 | |||||||||||||
| Burdigalian | Early Miocene | Orleanian | 15.98 | |||||||||||
| Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian | Hemingfordian | 16.3 | ||||||||||||
| late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean | Harrisonian | Arikareean | 18.5 | |||||||||||
| Agenian | 20 | |||||||||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | |||||||||||||
| Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | Tabenbulakian | Hsandagolian | Late Oligocene | MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26 | MP 25 | 23.03 | ||||||
| Monroecreekian | 23.1 * | |||||||||||||
| Geringian | 24.7 * | |||||||||||||
| Rupelian | Kekeamuan | Early Oligocene | MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21 | 27.82 | ||||||||||
| Whitneyan | 29.5 | |||||||||||||
| Orellan | 31.8 | |||||||||||||
| Eocene | Priabonian | Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian | Late Eocene | Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian | MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A | Chadronian | 33.9 | |||||||
| Duchesnean | 37 | |||||||||||||
| Bartonian | Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan | Middle Eocene | MP 16 | 37.71 | ||||||||||
| Late Uintan/Early Uintan | Uintan | 39.7 | ||||||||||||
| Lutetian | MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11 | 41.2 | ||||||||||||
| Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian | Bridgerian | 46.2 | ||||||||||||
| Ypresian | Bumbanian | Early Eocene | MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7 | 47.8 | ||||||||||
| Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean | Wasatchian | 50.5 | ||||||||||||
| Cf3/Cf2/Cf1 | Clarkforkian | 54.9 | ||||||||||||
| Paleocene | Thanetian | Gashatan | Late Paleocene | MP 6 | MP 1 - 5 | 56 | ||||||||
| Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1 | Tiffanian | 56.2 | ||||||||||||
| Selandian | Middle Paleocene | 59.2 | ||||||||||||
| To3/To2/To1 | Torrejonian | 60.9 | ||||||||||||
| Danian | Early Paleocene | 61.6 | ||||||||||||
| Pu3/Pu2/Pu1 | Puercan | 63.8 | ||||||||||||
| Cretaceous | Late Cretaceous | Maastrichtian | Lancian/Edmontonian | 66 | ||||||||||
| Campanian | Judithian/Aquilan | 72.1 | ||||||||||||
| 83.6 | ||||||||||||||