PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mesozoic Subages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian					Nihewanian				0.0117
				Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian									Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan								Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan								Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian								Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Yushean				2.58
				Zanclean										3.6
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								Hemphillian	4.7
										Baodean				4.9
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								Clarendonian	9.4
										Tunggurian				11.1
				Serravallian										11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian						Shanwangian				13.82
				Burdigalian										15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								Hemingfordian	16.3
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Xiejiaan			Hemingfordian	16.9
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
						Monroecreekian								23.1 *
						Geringian								24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian					Kekeamuan			27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							Bumbanian	Bridgerian	47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								Wasatchian	50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Gashatan		Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Gashatan		Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1						Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1						Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
				Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
				Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
				Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
				Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
				Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian						100.5
								Middle Albian						106.2 *
								Early Albian						109.9 *
				Aptian				Late Aptian						113
				Aptian				Early Aptian						119.5 *
				Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
				Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
				Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
				Berriasian				Late Berriasian						139.8
								Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian				Middle Tithonian	145
			Tithonian	Early Tithonian				Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
			Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
			Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
			Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian	Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian					227
			Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
			Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
			Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel	298.9
					Stephanian	Stephanian C			300.3 *
						Stephanian B			300.9 *
						Stephanian A			301.4 *
			Kasimovian			Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian			Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian			Cantabrian	307
					Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian			Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian		Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian		Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
			Jiangshanian				489.5
			Paibian				494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				497
			Drumian				500.5
			Wuliuan				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				509
Stage 3		Series 2	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian						635
		Tonian						720
		Tonian					Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau	1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan	1375
														1400