PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125938 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cambrian of Britain	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan							Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian								0.0042
				Greenlandian								0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian							0.0117
				Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian							Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian						Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								2.58
				Zanclean								3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian								5.333
				Tortonian								7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian								13.82
				Burdigalian								15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						Hemingfordian	16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian								20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
						Monroecreekian						23.1 *
						Geringian						24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian						27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian							Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian							Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan						Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan						Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Bridgerian	47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Wasatchian	50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1				Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1				Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian								72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
				Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
				Aalenian								170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
			Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian				303.7
			Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian				307
			Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian				323.2
			Visean	Middle Mississippian				330.9
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian	358.9
						Middle Famennian		365.3 *
						Early Famennian		368.5 *
			Frasnian			Late Frasnian		372.2
						Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian		382.7
						Middle Givetian		383.7 *
						Early Givetian		385.9 *
			Eifelian			Late Eifelian		387.7
			Eifelian			Early Eifelian		390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian		Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian		Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
			Stage 10				Festiniogian	489.2 *
			Jiangshanian				Festiniogian	489.5
			Jiangshanian				Maentwrogian	493.1 *
			Paibian				Maentwrogian	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			St Davids		497
			Drumian					500.5
			Wuliuan					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			Caerfai		509
		Series 2	Stage 3					514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
												635