PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of Siberia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Tertiary †								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian													11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Senonian									66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Gallic									100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian									125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras												168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense												168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta												174.7
			Planulata												179.3 *
			Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi										179.8 *
			Kanense												181.3 *
			Carlottense												182.3 *
			Kunae												183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae												184.2
			Freboldi												185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras											186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras											189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis											190.3 *
		Sinemurian													192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras										196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites												196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian								Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian							Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian							Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
										Filipovian	276.5 *
										Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian							Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
										Irginian	285.9 *
										Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian							Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
										Uskalykian	294.8
										Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Kasimovian							Late Pennsylvanian			303.7
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian				Mansian †			483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian			Tavgian †			Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian							489.5
						Aksaian							490.7 *
						Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †			Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †	Amgan/Solvan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan		509
				Toyonian		Lenian †		510 *
				Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian				514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian				521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †		529
															538.8