PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				European Faunal Units	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian Epochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian					0.0117
		Chibanian						Lujanian					0.129
								Ensenadan					0.3 *
												Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian	0.774
												Nukumaruan	1.63
								Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian											1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian	Vorohuean					2.58
								Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
												Waipipian	3
							Ruscinian						3.1 *
		Zanclean											3.6
								Montehermosan				Opoitian	3.7 *
								Huayquerian				Opoitian	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian				Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
								Chasicoan					7.9 *
							Vallesian	Chasicoan					8.7
								Mayoan					9.9 *
								Laventan					10.9 *
											Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian					Astaracian					Waiauan	11.63
												Lillburnian	13.05
								Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian											13.82
												Clifdenian	15.1
								Friasian				Clifdenian	15.4 *
											Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian					Orleanian						15.98
								Santacrucian					16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
												Otaian	18.7
							Agenian						20
		Aquitanian											20.44
								Deseadan					20.9 *
											Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian	23.03
												Duntroonian	25.2
												Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
		Rupelian						Tinguirirican					28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
											Arnold	Runangan	34.6
								Divisaderan				Runangan	35.9 *
												Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian											41.2
								Mustersan					41.9 *
											Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
												Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian											47.8
								Casamayoran					47.9 *
												Mangaorapan	48.9
												Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican				Teurian	56
								Itaboraian					56.9 *
								Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian	59.2
		Danian	61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan	62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian			443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian					453
							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
			Dobrotivian						458.5 *
			Oretanian						459.7 *
						Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †	467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian			468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian			470
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian			Mansian †			483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Late Cambrian		Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian					489.5
						Aksaian					490.7 *
						Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Middle Cambrian		Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian				Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan				Amgan/Solvan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian		Amgan/Solvan					509
						Toyonian			Lenian †		510 *
						Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian					514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian					521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian				Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †		529
													538.8