PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America				Silurian of England		Devonian of France	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Siberia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian												11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian				100.5
										Middle Albian				106.2 *
										Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian				113
		Aptian								Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian				139.8
										Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
										Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian				174.7
										Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
										Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian								Sevatian				208.5
										Alaunian				213.2 *
										Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian								Tuvalian				227
		Carnian								Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian				425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Telychian				436.3 *
		Aeronian				438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
		Katian				Gamachian	445.2
						Richmondian	446 *
						Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian		450.4 *
				Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian				Chatfieldian		453
						Turinian		453.7 *
				Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Dapingian							467.3
		Dapingian				Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian		Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian				Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean				477.7
						Stairsian				480.3 *
						Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
									Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10											487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
										Aksaian			490.7 *
										Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian	500.5							Mayan/Menevian
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan							509
			Toyonian							Lenian †	510 *
			Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian								514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian								521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian							Manykaian †	529
														538.8