PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	European Faunal Zones	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Siberia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							0
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian							0.129
		Calabrian							0.774
		Gelasian		MN 17					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		MN 16					2.58
		Piacenzian		MN 15					3.2
		Zanclean		MN 15					3.6
				MN 14					4.2
				MN 13					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		MN 13					5.333
		Tortonian		MN 12					7.246
				MN 11					7.75
				MN 10					8.7
				MN 9					9.7
				MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian		MN 7 + 8					11.63
		Serravallian		MN 6					12.8 *
		Langhian		MN 5					13.82
		Burdigalian		MN 4					15.98
				MN 3					16.9
				MN 2					20
		Aquitanian		MN 2					20.44
		Aquitanian		MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							33.9
		Bartonian							37.71
		Lutetian							41.2
		Ypresian							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							56
		Selandian							59.2
		Danian							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian				100.5
					Middle Albian				106.2 *
					Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian				113
		Aptian			Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian				139.8
					Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
					Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian				174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Tremadocian		Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian		Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian			489.5
				Aksaian	Aksaian			490.7 *
				Sakian	Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian						494
		Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan		Tuesaian	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan						505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4						509
				Toyonian	Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
				Botomian	Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian	Botomian			514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian	Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian	Tommotian			521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
									538.8