PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126192 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of China			Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian								Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian								Castlecliffian					0.774
		Calabrian								Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan					1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Mangapanian					2.58
		Piacenzian								Waipipian					3
		Zanclean								Waipipian					3.6
		Zanclean								Opoitian					3.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian								Tongaporutuan					7.246
		Tortonian							Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian								Waiauan					11.63
		Serravallian								Lillburnian					13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian					13.82
										Clifdenian					15.1
									Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian								Altonian					15.98
		Burdigalian								Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian								Otaian					20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Waitakian					23.03
										Duntroonian					25.2
										Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
									Arnold	Runangan					34.6
										Kaiatan					36.7
		Bartonian								Kaiatan					37.71
		Bartonian								Bortonian					39.1
		Lutetian								Bortonian					41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
										Heretaungan					45.7
		Ypresian								Heretaungan					47.8
										Mangaorapan					48.9
										Waipawan					52
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Teurian					56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian					Mata	Haumurian		Lancian/Edmontonian			66
		Campanian								Haumurian		Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian								Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
										Mangaotanean					90.5
										Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian								Arowhanan					93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
										Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic						Motuan					100.5
										Urutawan					103.3
									Taitai	Korangan					108.4
		Aptian								Korangan					113
		Aptian													117.5
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian											125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †		443.8
		Katian					Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †		445.2
		Katian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
		Sandbian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
		Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian					Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Yiyangian				470
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian				477.7
									Lianghekou †	477.9 *
									Lianghekou †	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Late Cambrian				Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian									Batyrbaian			489.5
											Aksaian			490.7 *
			Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian		494
		Paibian		Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian							494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian	Ayusokkanian								497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian	Amgan/Solvan								509
				Toyonian			Lenian †					510 *
				Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian								514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian								521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †					529
															538.8