PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Devonian of Eastern North America		Cambrian of Siberia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian	Late Pliocene						2.58
		Piacenzian	Ruscinian	Late Pliocene						3.1 *
		Zanclean	Ruscinian	Early Pliocene						3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian	Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian	Turolian							7.246
		Tortonian	Vallesian							8.7
		Serravallian	Astaracian	Middle Miocene						11.63
		Langhian	Astaracian	Middle Miocene						13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian	Early Miocene						15.98
		Burdigalian	Agenian							20
		Aquitanian	Agenian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene						33.9
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian		Middle Eocene						41.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene						56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †				Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian						489.5
			Aksaian						490.7 *
			Sakian						492.2 *
		Paibian							494
		Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian						497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian						499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan						509
			Toyonian	Lenian †					510 *
			Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian						514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian						521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †					529
										538.8