PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of Eastern North America		Devonian of France	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Siberia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian								0.0117
		Chibanian									0.129
		Calabrian									0.774
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean								2.58
		Zanclean	Yushean								3.6
		Zanclean	Baodean								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian	Tunggurian								11.1
		Serravallian	Tunggurian								11.63
		Langhian	Shanwangian								13.82
		Burdigalian	Shanwangian								15.98
		Burdigalian	Xiejiaan								16.9
		Aquitanian	Xiejiaan								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									33.9
		Bartonian									37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian				100.5
							Middle Albian				106.2 *
							Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian				113
		Aptian					Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian				139.8
							Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
							Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian				174.7
							Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
							Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian					Sevatian				208.5
							Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian	227
		Carnian		Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean		Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Tremadocian					477.7
		Tremadocian					Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian			489.5
							Aksaian			490.7 *
							Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian								494
		Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Amgan/Solvan			509
							Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
							Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian			514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian			521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
											538.8