PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126155 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Australia	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Britain				Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian										Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5									Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian										Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian										Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4									Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4									Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3									Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3									Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2									Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1									Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Late Albian								100.5
					Middle Albian								106.2 *
					Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian								113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian								139.8
					Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
					Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian								174.7
					Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
					Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4										201.4
		Norian			Sevatian								208.5
					Alaunian								213.2 *
					Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian								227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
				Griesbachian	251.4 *
				Griesbachian	Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Kathwai		Melekhovian	251.902
								252.4 *
					Chhidru			252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Chhidru			254.14
					Kalabagh			255 *
					Wargal			256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
							Noginskian	264.9 *
								265.3 *
					Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3		Amb			266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
		Kungurian					Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian					Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian					Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian					Dorogomilovian	303.7
							Khamovnikian	304.8
							Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Myachkovian	307
							Podolskian	308.9 *
							Kashirian	311.4 *
							Vereian	313.8
							Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian					Melekessian	315.2
							Cheremshanian	316.9 *
							Prikamian	318.6 *
							Severokeltmian	319.9 *
							Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
							Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Zapaltjubian	323.2
							Protvian	324.4 *
						Steshevian	326.8 *
						Tarusian	329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			Venevian	330.9
						Mikhailovian	331.9 *
						Aleksinian	333.7 *
						Tulian	335.8 *
						Bobrikian	339.9 *
						Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Kosvian	346.7
						Kizelian	350.7 *
						Cherepetian	351.9 *
						Karakubian	354.4 *
						Upinian	356.3 *
						Malevkian	357.6 *
						Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Ashgill			Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan	445.2
							Cautleyan	448.9 *
							Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc			Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan		451.5 *
							Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
					Longvillian †			455.2 *
					Longvillian †		Aurelucian	456.8 *
					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		Aurelucian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian				470
					Whitlandian				471.1 *
					Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian				480.8 *
									485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10							Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian							Iverian	489.5
		Paibian							Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Mindyallan	497
									Mindyallan	Arcadian	498.4
									Boomerangian		499
		Drumian							Undillan		500.5
		Drumian							Floran		503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						Templetonian		504.5
		Wuliuan							Ordian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4							Ordian	Branchian	509
		Stage 4									510.8 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
		Stage 3								Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
													538.8