PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126161 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene	Lujanian					0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene	Lujanian					0.129
					Ensenadan					0.3 *
									Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene					Castlecliffian	0.774
									Nukumaruan	1.63
					Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian								1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene	Vorohuean					2.58
					Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
									Waipipian	3
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene					Waipipian	3.6
					Montehermosan				Opoitian	3.7 *
					Huayquerian				Opoitian	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene				Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian								7.246
					Chasicoan					7.9 *
					Mayoan					9.9 *
					Laventan					10.9 *
								Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene					Waiauan	11.63
									Lillburnian	13.05
					Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian								13.82
									Clifdenian	15.1
					Friasian				Clifdenian	15.4 *
								Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene						15.98
					Santacrucian					16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
									Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian								20.44
					Deseadan					20.9 *
								Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene					Waitakian	23.03
									Duntroonian	25.2
									Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene						27.82
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene	Tinguirirican					28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene						33.9
								Arnold	Runangan	34.6
					Divisaderan				Runangan	35.9 *
									Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene					Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian							Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian								41.2
					Mustersan					41.9 *
								Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
									Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian		Early Eocene						47.8
					Casamayoran					47.9 *
									Mangaorapan	48.9
									Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene	Riochican				Teurian	56
					Itaboraian					56.9 *
					Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene	Tiupampan					62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian		Senonian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan					Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
								Mangaotanean	90.5
								Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan	93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
								Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic			Motuan	100.5
								Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian					Korangan	113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
								Huashibanian	318.5 *
								Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian						Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean						Shangsian	330.9
		Visean						Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian						Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	497
		Guzhangian	Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian	509
		Stage 3	Branchian	514
		Stage 3	Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
										538.8