PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126161 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			European Faunal Units	Devonian Subages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Ordovician of North America				Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian											Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Villanyian							Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian				Ruscinian							Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean				Ruscinian							Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian				Turolian							Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian				Turolian								7.246
		Tortonian				Vallesian								8.7
		Serravallian				Astaracian							Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian				Astaracian							Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian				Orleanian							Early Miocene	15.98
		Burdigalian				Agenian								20
		Aquitanian				Agenian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian											Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras											168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense											168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta											174.7
			Planulata											179.3 *
			Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi									179.8 *
			Kanense											181.3 *
			Carlottense											182.3 *
			Kunae											183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae											184.2
			Freboldi											185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras										186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras										189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis										190.3 *
		Sinemurian												192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras									196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites											196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Induan					251.2
		Induan					Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru	254.14
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
							Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian					Amb	266.9
		Roadian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian		358.9
						Middle Famennian		365.3 *
						Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian		372.2
						Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian		382.7
						Middle Givetian		383.7 *
						Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian		410.8
						Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
		Telychian						Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian						Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian				Gamachian		443.8
		Katian	445.2					Gamachian
			Richmondian		446 *
			Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian			449.8 *
			Edenian					450.4 *
			Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
		Sandbian		Chatfieldian				453
				Turinian				453.7 *
			Whiterockian		Canadian †			Chazyan †/Marmor		457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian		Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean							Ungurian	477.7
				Stairsian								480.3 *
				Skullrockian						Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian	Batyrbaian							485.4
		Stage 10										487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
					Aksaian		490.7 *
					Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian			Sakian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian		497
					Ayusokkanian		Arcadian					498.4
												499.5
		Drumian			Zhanaarykian							500.5
		Drumian			Tuesaian							503
		Wuliuan			Tuesaian							504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4					Branchian					509
					Toyonian							510 *
					Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian							514
					Atdabanian							515.6 *
					Atdabanian		Placentian					517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian							521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
														538.8