PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126155 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Permian of North America		Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of Australia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran										0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian			Castlecliffian										0.34
		Calabrian			Castlecliffian										0.774
		Calabrian			Nukumaruan										1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan										1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian										2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian										2.58
		Piacenzian			Waipipian										3
		Zanclean			Waipipian										3.6
		Zanclean			Opoitian										3.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean										5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan										7.2
		Tortonian			Tongaporutuan										7.246
		Tortonian		Southland	Waiauan										11.04
		Serravallian			Waiauan										11.63
		Serravallian			Lillburnian										13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian										13.82
					Clifdenian										15.1
				Pareora	Altonian										15.9
		Burdigalian			Altonian										15.98
		Burdigalian			Otaian										18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian										20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian										21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Waitakian										23.03
					Duntroonian										25.2
					Whaingaroan										27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
				Arnold	Runangan										34.6
					Kaiatan										36.7
		Bartonian			Kaiatan										37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian										39.1
		Lutetian			Bortonian										41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
					Heretaungan										45.7
		Ypresian			Heretaungan										47.8
					Mangaorapan										48.9
					Waipawan										52
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian										56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian										66
		Campanian			Haumurian										72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan										83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan										86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
					Mangaotanean										90.5
					Arowhanan										93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan										93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian										95.2
					Motuan										99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan										100.5
					Urutawan										103.3
				Taitai	Korangan										108.4
		Aptian			Korangan										113
		Aptian													117.5
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
								Eastonian		Richmondian	449 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
								Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian			453
					Turinian					453.7 *
					Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian				458.4
		Dapingian						Yapeenian				467.3
			Castlemainian					468.5 *
			Castlemainian					Rangerian	469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian		Ibexian			Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
			Bendigonian									471.8 *
			Lancefieldian									473.5 *
								Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
			Warendian								Demingian †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean						Taoyuanian †	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
											Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		487.5
											Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian								Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian								Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian	Paibian										494
		Paibian	Paibian						Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian						Wangcunian †	St Davids			497
		Guzhangian	Guzhangian										Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian	Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian							Caerfai			Branchian	509
		Stage 3	Nangaoian										Branchian	514
		Stage 3	Nangaoian	Placentian									517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian										521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian										529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian										530.7
															538.8