International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
- J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
- J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 126152 collections
International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | Obsolete Names for ICS Units | Ten Million Year Bins | Cambrian of North America | Cambrian of China | Cambrian of West Avalonia | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cambrian | Furongian | Stage 10 | Cambrian 5 | Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan | Niuchehean | Taoyuanian † | 485.4 | |||||||||
Sunwaptan | 487.5 | |||||||||||||||
Jiangshanian | Jiangshanian | 489.5 | ||||||||||||||
Steptoean | 493 * | |||||||||||||||
Paibian | Paibian | 494 | ||||||||||||||
Waergangian †/Youshuanian | 494.9 * | |||||||||||||||
Miaolingian | Guzhangian | Series 3 † | Cambrian 4 | Marjumian | Albertian † | Guzhangian | Wangcunian † | 497 | ||||||||
Arcadian | 498.4 | |||||||||||||||
Drumian | Drumian | 500.5 | ||||||||||||||
Wuliuan | Stage 5 † | Cambrian 3 | Topazan | Wuliuan/Taijangian | 504.5 | |||||||||||
Delamaran | 506.5 | |||||||||||||||
Series 2 | Stage 4 | Waucoban † | Duyunian | Branchian | 509 | |||||||||||
Dyeran | 511 * | |||||||||||||||
Stage 3 | Cambrian 2 | Nangaoian | 514 | |||||||||||||
Montezuman | 514.8 * | |||||||||||||||
Placentian | 517.1 | |||||||||||||||
Begadean | 519.9 * | |||||||||||||||
Terreneuvian | Stage 2 | Meishucunian | 521 | |||||||||||||
Fortunian | Cambrian 1 | 529 | ||||||||||||||
Jinnigian | 530.7 | |||||||||||||||
538.8 |