PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126155 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian												11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Bartonian										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian											Bumbanian	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Gashatan		56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian			66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian						100.5
								Middle Albian						106.2 *
								Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian						113
		Aptian						Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian						139.8
								Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
								Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan		Late Kimmeridgian						150
						Ohauan		Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
						Heterian		Early Kimmeridgian						154.5
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						164.3
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian						174.7
					Herangi	Ururoan		Late Toarcian						176
								Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
								Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						188.9
		Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian								201.4
		Norian	Warepan	Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
			Otamitan			217
			Oretian			221
		Carnian	Oretian	Tuvalian		227
			Gore	Tuvalian	Kaihikuan	227.5
				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
				Longobardian	Etalian	238
				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
				Aegean	Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian		Spathian	247.2
						Smithian	248.9 *
					Nelsonian	Smithian	249
		Induan				Dienerian	251.2
						Griesbachian	251.4 *
			DUrville		Makarewan	Griesbachian	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Wordian		Barettian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		266
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			283.5
				Telfordian			285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
								Xiaodushanian		300 *
							Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian								Stephanian A	303.7
										Cantabrian	305 *
								Dalaun			305.8 *
		Moscovian									307
							Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Huashibanian	Westphalian A	318.5 *
							Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
								Shangsian	Pendleian	330.8 *
		Visean					Warnantian	Shangsian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Warnantian	Jiusian	Brigantian †	335 *
							Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian					Ivorian		Tangbagouan	346.7
		Tournaisian					Hastarian		Tangbagouan	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
		Guzhangian			Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian	509
		Stage 3	Branchian	514
		Stage 3	Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
														538.8