PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126156 collections

Show less time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian Subages of Germany	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Silurian Ages of Europe	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene							0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene							2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean		Early Pliocene							3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian		Late Miocene							7.246
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene							11.63
		Langhian		Middle Miocene							13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene							15.98
		Aquitanian		Early Miocene							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian		Middle Eocene							41.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene						Bumbanian	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene					Gashatan		56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian					Lancian/Edmontonian			66
		Campanian						Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic								100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian								125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Buntsandstein	Melekhovian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Buntsandstein						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller						259.51
		Wordian			Leine						264.28
		Wordian			Leine	Noginskian					264.9 *
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Kungurian				Pavlovoposadian					276.8 *
		Artinskian				Pavlovoposadian					283.5
		Artinskian				Rusavkinian					287.6 *
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian	303.7
						Khamovnikian	304.8
						Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian				Myachkovian	307
						Podolskian	308.9 *
						Kashirian	311.4 *
						Vereian	313.8
						Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian				Melekessian	315.2
						Cheremshanian	316.9 *
						Prikamian	318.6 *
						Severokeltmian	319.9 *
						Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
						Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Zapaltjubian	323.2
						Protvian	324.4 *
						Steshevian	326.8 *
						Tarusian	329 *
		Visean				Venevian	330.9
						Mikhailovian	331.9 *
						Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Tulian		335.8 *
				Bobrikian		339.9 *
				Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian		346.7
				Kizelian		350.7 *
				Cherepetian		351.9 *
				Karakubian		354.4 *
				Upinian		356.3 *
				Malevkian		357.6 *
				Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian			427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
		Guzhangian			Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Branchian	509
		Stage 3			Branchian	514
		Stage 3			Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
											538.8