PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126152 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Australia	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran										0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian					Middle Pleistocene					0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian					Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan										1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan										1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian										2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian					Late Pliocene					2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian					Late Pliocene					3
		Zanclean		Waipipian					Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian					Early Pliocene					3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean					Late Miocene					5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan										7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan										7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan										11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan					Middle Miocene					11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian										13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian										13.82
				Clifdenian										15.1
			Pareora	Altonian										15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian					Early Miocene					15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian										18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian										20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian										21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian					Late Oligocene			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Duntroonian										25.2
				Whaingaroan										27.3
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene			Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
			Arnold	Runangan										34.6
				Kaiatan										36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan					Middle Eocene			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian										39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian										41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
				Heretaungan										45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan					Early Eocene				Bumbanian	47.8
				Mangaorapan										48.9
				Waipawan										52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian					Late Paleocene			Gashatan		56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian							Lancian/Edmontonian			66
		Campanian		Haumurian							Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan										83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan										86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
				Mangaotanean										90.5
				Arowhanan										93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan										93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian										95.2
				Motuan										99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan										100.5
				Urutawan										103.3
			Taitai	Korangan										108.4
		Aptian		Korangan										113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
						Dobrotivian				458.5 *
						Oretanian				459.7 *
				Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian			468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian					485.4
		Stage 10		Payntonian					486.8 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian					489.5
		Paibian		Idamean					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan					497
				Mindyallan					Arcadian	498.4
				Boomerangian						499
		Drumian		Undillan						500.5
		Drumian		Floran						503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian						504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian						507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian					Branchian	509
		Stage 4								510.8 *
		Stage 3								514
		Stage 3							Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
														538.8