PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125993 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian Ages of Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene		0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
				Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene		0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
				Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan							1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian					Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian					Late Pliocene		3
		Zanclean		Waipipian					Early Pliocene		3.6
				Opoitian							3.7
				Opoitian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean					Late Miocene		5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian									7.246
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
			Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene		11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
				Lillburnian							13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian							13.82
				Clifdenian							15.1
			Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene		15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
				Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian							20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene		23.03
						Monroecreekian					23.1 *
						Geringian					24.7 *
				Duntroonian							25.2
				Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene		27.82
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene		33.9
			Arnold	Runangan							34.6
				Kaiatan							36.7
											37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene		37.71
				Bortonian							39.1
					Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
				Heretaungan							45.7
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene		47.8
				Mangaorapan							48.9
				Mangaorapan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
				Waipawan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						52
				Waipawan			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian		Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
				Mangaotanean				90.5
				Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan				93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
				Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan				100.5
				Urutawan				103.3
			Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian		Korangan				113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Buntsandstein		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Buntsandstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian				Leine		264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †		298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian								305.9
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		497
		Guzhangian		Arcadian			498.4
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian	509
		Stage 3	Branchian	514
		Stage 3	Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
											538.8