PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of North America					Silurian of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										Early Pliocene		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian										Late Miocene		7.246
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene		11.63
		Langhian										Middle Miocene		13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene		15.98
		Aquitanian										Early Miocene		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian											Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian											Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
		Artinskian												283.5
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian												293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
					Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
						440.7 *
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian		Gamachian		443.8
		Katian			Gamachian		445.2
					Richmondian		446 *
					Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Edenian			450.4 *
			Mohawkian		Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian			Chatfieldian			453
					Turinian			453.7 *
			Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Dapingian							467.3
		Dapingian			Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean					477.7
					Stairsian					480.3 *
					Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian		Late Cambrian				485.4
		Stage 10									487.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian				497
		Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian				Branchian	509
		Stage 3									Branchian	514
		Stage 3									Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
														538.8